Determination of the Adiabatic Constant - Revision history

Ist12916: /* Theoretical Principles */

2025-10-22T10:36:38Z

Theoretical Principles

Ist12916: /* Theoretical Principles */

2025-10-22T10:33:14Z

Theoretical Principles

Ist12916 at 08:52, 6 April 2018

2018-04-06T08:52:33Z

Ist165721: Text replacement - "|left" to "|center"

2015-05-28T13:11:32Z

Text replacement - "|left" to "|center"

Ist165721: Text replacement - "#evp" to "#ev"

2015-05-24T20:02:48Z

Text replacement - "#evp" to "#ev"

Ist165721: Text replacement - "\[" to " $"$

2015-05-24T18:58:13Z Text replacement - "\[" to "<math>"

Ist165721: Text replacement - "\]" to ""

2015-05-24T18:48:37Z

Text replacement - "\]" to "</math>"

Ist128595 at 20:32, 24 October 2013

2013-10-24T20:32:56Z

Ist128595 at 20:31, 24 October 2013

2013-10-24T20:31:34Z

Ist165721 at 11:31, 21 April 2013

2013-04-21T11:31:58Z

@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 where \( r \) is the cylinder radius.
 A more precise estimation can be achieved using the differential equation considering the dumping effect caused by friction. Is such a situation you could consider friction being proportional to velocity leading to:
 <math>
 \ddot{y} + 2\lambda\omega \dot{y}+\omega ^2 y + g = 0
 </math>
 Considering again the change in the origin, the result of such an equation leads to:
- <math>
 y' = y'_{0} e^{-\lambda \omega t}cos( \sqrt{1 - \lambda^2}\omega t + \phi)
 </math>
 where the period leads to a slight correction due to the dumping factor.
 </div>

@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 where \( r \) is the cylinder radius.
 A more precise estimation can be achieved using the differential equation considering the dumping effect caused by friction. Is such a situation you could consider friction being proportional to velocity leading to:
- <math>
+<math>
 \ddot{y} + 2\lambda\omega \dot{y}+\omega ^2 y + g = 0
 </math>
@@ Line 104: / Line 104: @@
   <math>
 y' = y'_{0} e^{-\lambda \omega t}cos( \sqrt{1 - \lambda^2}\omega t + \phi)
- </math>
+</math>
 where the period leads to a slight correction due to the dumping factor.
 </div>
 </div>
 =Links=
 *[[Determinação da Constante Adiabática do Ar | Portuguese version (Versão em Português)]]
 *[[Détermination de la constante adiabatique d'air | French version (version française)]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:52, 6 April 2018
Line 112:		Line 112:
	=Links=		=Links=
	*[[Determinação da Constante Adiabática do Ar \| Portuguese version (Versão em Português)]]		*[[Determinação da Constante Adiabática do Ar \| Portuguese version (Versão em Português)]]
		+	*[[Détermination de la constante adiabatique d'air \| French version (version française)]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:11, 28 May 2015
Line 14:		Line 14:
	</div>		</div>

−	{{#ev:youtube\|BWd4R-ud81I\|Slow motion video of the piston performing the damped oscillation motion.\|~~left~~}}	+	{{#ev:youtube\|BWd4R-ud81I\|Slow motion video of the piston performing the damped oscillation motion.\|center}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:02, 24 May 2015
Line 14:		Line 14:
	</div>		</div>

−	{{#~~evp~~:youtube\|BWd4R-ud81I\|Slow motion video of the piston performing the damped oscillation motion.\|left}}	+	{{#ev:youtube\|BWd4R-ud81I\|Slow motion video of the piston performing the damped oscillation motion.\|left}}

@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 If we consider a piston without friction, oscillating freely in a cylinder of volume \( V_0 \), with pressure \( p \), then the force exerted upon the piston ( \( m \ddot{y} \) ) equals the force of gravity minus the variation of pressure upon the piston( \( A \Delta p \) ).
-\[
+<math>
 -mg+A \Delta p = m \ddot{y}
 </math>
@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 The variation of pressure for small oscillations in volume is:
-\[
+<math>
 \Delta p = \frac{\partial p}{\partial V} | _{V = V_0}\Delta V
 </math>
@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 if we consider a fast enough process so that no exchange in heat occurs (adiabatic process)
-\[
+<math>
 pV^{\gamma} = p_0 V_0 ^{\gamma}, \quad p = \frac{ p_0 V_0 ^{\gamma} }{ V^{\gamma} }
 </math>
@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 From the above equation we have:
-\[
+<math>
 \frac{\partial p}{\partial V} | _{V = V_0} = - \gamma \frac{ p_0 V_0 ^{\gamma} }{ V^{\gamma +1} } | _{V = V_0} = - \gamma \frac{p_0}{V_0}
 </math>
@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 and
-\[
+<math>
 -mg+ A (- \gamma \frac{p_0}{V_0} \Delta V) = m \ddot{y} , \text{ where } \Delta V = Ay
 </math>
@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
 simplifying
-\[
+<math>
 \ddot{y} + \gamma \frac{p_0 A^2}{m V_0} y+g = 0
 </math>
@@ Line 80: / Line 80: @@
 We make
-\[
+<math>
 \gamma \frac{p_0 A^2}{m V_0} = \omega ^2, \text{ so that } \ddot{y} + \omega ^2 y + g = 0
 </math>
@@ Line 86: / Line 86: @@
 Changing the point of origin to the equilibrium position of the piston, we can easily see that this is the equation for the motion of a frictionless harmonic oscillator
-\[
+<math>
 \ddot{y}' + \omega ^2 y' = 0 \text{ with } y = y' - \frac{g}{\omega ^2} \text{ and } \omega ^2 = (\frac{2 \pi}{T})^2 = \gamma \frac{p_0 A^2}{m V_0}
 </math>
@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 Measuring the oscillation period, \( T \), we can determine \( \gamma \)
-\[
+<math>
 \gamma = \frac{4mV_0}{p_0 r^4 T^2}
 </math>
@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 where \( r \) is the cylinder radius.
 A more precise estimation can be achieved using the differential equation considering the dumping effect caused by friction. Is such a situation you could consider friction being proportional to velocity leading to:
-  \[
+  <math>
 \ddot{y} + 2\lambda\omega \dot{y}+\omega ^2 y + g = 0
 </math>
 Considering again the change in the origin, the result of such an equation leads to:
-  \[
+  <math>
 y' = y'_{0} e^{-\lambda \omega t}cos( \sqrt{1 - \lambda^2}\omega t + \phi)
   </math>

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 =Protocol=
-Ruchhardt’s method(see bellow)  is a way to determine the specific heat of a gas in a very precise way, but it is very sensitive to the measurement of the oscillations period. Because of this, extra care in this measurement is recommended and thus, two methods are used to determine this quantity: the waveform recorded by the pressure transducer and the average period, digitally determined. The data must be used judiciously, exploring all the information that it can give.
+Ruchhardt’s method (see bellow)  is a way to determine the specific heat of a gas in a very precise way, but it is very sensitive to the measurement of the oscillations period. Because of this, extra care in this measurement is recommended and thus, two methods are used to determine this quantity: the waveform recorded by the pressure transducer and the average period, digitally determined. The data must be used judiciously, exploring all the information that it can give.
 After a reference volume is selected, the embolus is agitated so that it oscillates freely around the equilibrium position.
 \( \gamma \) can be inferred from the oscillation period.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 =Description of the Experiment=
-The purpose of this experiment is the determination of the ratio between air's specific heats (constant pressure and constant volume), through the use of adiabatic oscillations of an embolus of known dimensions.
+The purpose of this experiment is the determination of the ratio between the specific heat of air (constant pressure and constant volume), through the use of adiabatic oscillations of an embolus of known dimensions.
 <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:420px">
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 =Experimental Apparatus=
-The apparatus is composed of a syringe, the embolus with a weight of 26.4 gram and 18.9 mm diameter. The embolus has reduced friction due to graphite lubrication and the fact that the apparatus is in the vertical position.
+The apparatus is composed of a syringe, which embolus weighs 26.4 gram and has a diameter of 18.9 mm. The embolus has reduced friction due to graphite lubrication and the fact that the apparatus is in the vertical position.
 =Protocol=
-Ruchhardt’s (see bellow) method is a way to determine the specific heats of a gas in very precise way, but is very sensitive to the measurement of the oscillations period. Because of this, extra care in this measurement is recommended and thus, two methods are used to determine this quantity: the waveform recorded by the pressure transducer and the average period, digitally determined. The data must be used wisely, exploring all the information that it can give.
+Ruchhardt’s method(see bellow)  is a way to determine the specific heat of a gas in a very precise way, but it is very sensitive to the measurement of the oscillations period. Because of this, extra care in this measurement is recommended and thus, two methods are used to determine this quantity: the waveform recorded by the pressure transducer and the average period, digitally determined. The data must be used judiciously, exploring all the information that it can give.
-After a reference volume is selected, the embolus is disturbed so that it oscillates freely around it's equilibrium position.
+After a reference volume is selected, the embolus is agitated so that it oscillates freely around the equilibrium position.
 \( \gamma \) can be inferred from the oscillation period.
 =Advanced Protocol=
-By redoing the experiment for several volumes, a better adjustment can be achieved between the experimental data and the theoretical function. When adjusting the experimental data, letting not just the \( \gamma \) parameter free but also the volume and pressure, the measure's precision can be increased, since atmospheric pressure can have variations of up to 1% and because the volume measured will have a systematic error due to the various external connections to the syringe. It should be noted that the piston mass and diameter have a 0.5% precision.
+By redoing the experiment for several volumes, a better adjustment can be achieved between the experimental data and the theoretical function. When adjusting the experimental data, allowing  the parameter  \( \gamma \) to be free as well as the volume and pressure, the measure precision can be increased, since atmospheric pressure can have variations of up to 1% and because the volume measured will have a systematic error due to the various external connections to the syringe. It should be noted that the piston mass and the diameter have a 0.5% precision.
 =Data Analysis=
-By using [[Fitteia]], one can plot the experimental results and adjust a theoretical function with certain parameters. This [http://www.elab.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/anexos/2012outros/gamma.sav file] is an example of a fit for this experiment (right-click on the link and "Save As").
+By using [[Fitteia]], you can plot the experimental results and adjust a theoretical function with certain parameters. This [http://www.elab.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/anexos/2012outros/gamma.sav file] is an example of a fit of this experiment (right-click on the link and "Save As").
 =Theoretical Principles=
-With this method, it is possible to determine the ration between the specific heats of a gas through experimentation. If the gas in study is the atmospheric air (mostly diatomic), this ratio should be 1.4.
+With this method, it is possible to determine the ration between the specific heat of a gas through experimentation. If the gas in study is the atmospheric air (mostly diatomic), this ratio should be 1.4.
 <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:600px">
@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 \]
-Changing the point of origin to the piston's equilibrium position, we can easily see that this is the equation for the motion of a frictionless harmonic oscillator
+Changing the point of origin to the equilibrium position of the piston, we can easily see that this is the equation for the motion of a frictionless harmonic oscillator
 \[
@@ Line 97: / Line 97: @@
 where \( r \) is the cylinder radius.
-A more precise estimation can be achieved using the differential equation considering the dumping effect caused by friction. Is such situation one could consider friction being proportional to velocity leading to:
+A more precise estimation can be achieved using the differential equation considering the dumping effect caused by friction. Is such a situation you could consider friction being proportional to velocity leading to:
   \[
 \ddot{y} + 2\lambda\omega \dot{y}+\omega ^2 y + g = 0
 \]
-Considering again the change in the origin, the result of such equation leads to:
+Considering again the change in the origin, the result of such an equation leads to:
   \[
 y' = y'_{0} e^{-\lambda \omega t}cos( \sqrt{1 - \lambda^2}\omega t + \phi)

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 {{#evp:youtube|BWd4R-ud81I|Slow motion video of the piston performing the damped oscillation motion.|left}}
 =Experimental Apparatus=
@@ Line 107: / Line 108: @@
 </div>
 </div>
 =Links=
 *[[Determinação da Constante Adiabática do Ar | Portuguese version (Versão em Português)]]

Determination of the Adiabatic Constant - Revision history

Ist12916: /* Theoretical Principles */

Ist12916: /* Theoretical Principles */

Ist12916 at 08:52, 6 April 2018

Ist165721: Text replacement - "|left" to "|center"

Ist165721: Text replacement - "#evp" to "#ev"

Ist165721: Text replacement - "\[" to ""

Ist165721: Text replacement - "\]" to ""

Ist128595 at 20:32, 24 October 2013

Ist128595 at 20:31, 24 October 2013

Ist165721 at 11:31, 21 April 2013

Ist165721: Text replacement - "\[" to " $"$