Difference between revisions of "Free Fall (determination of the standard gravity)"

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===Description of the Experiment===
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=Description of the Experiment=
This experiment will result in the determination of the standard gravity, g.
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This experiment allows you to determine the standard gravity acceleration, <i>g </i>.
  
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===Experimental Apparatus=== <!-- Secção colapsável -->
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'''Links'''
 
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This apparatus is a projectile launcher (with an electromagnet) that vertically launches a ping-pong ball from a base.
 
  
[fig.1]
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*Video: rtsp://elabmc.ist.utl.pt:554/g.sdp
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*Laboratory: Basic in [http://e-lab.ist.eu e-lab.ist.eu]
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*Control room: g
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*Grade: ***
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</div>
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</div>
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<swf height="270" width="480">http://www.elab.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/anexos/descricoes-flash/Gravidade.swf</swf>
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{{#ev:youtube|Tr7SUvH8Gjg|Slow motion video (12x times slower) of the ball being launched.|center}}
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=Experimental Apparatus=
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This apparatus consists in a projectile launcher (with an electromagnet) that vertically ejects a ping-pong ball from the base.
  
The ping-pong ball is launched with a kinetic energy selected by the user (energy applied to the electromagnet) and takes a certain trajectory, afterwards it falls on the base. The height (vertical coordinate) is measured and recorded with an ultrasound sonar, strategically placed above the experiment, that measures the distance between itself and the ball. With the resulting data it is possible to determine g. The ball is sometimes launched with a small horizontal component, but this does not affect measurements.  
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[[File:Gravidade-montagem.jpg|thumb|alt=Esperimental setup|A picture of the setup, taken from above. We can see the yellow ball in mid-air.]]
  
Since the height is measured by ultrasound, the actual time between samples varies from the one provided by the user: the closer the ball is to the sensor (i.e., higher), the shorter the time between samples is. This can be negleted unless a precise fitting is needed</div>
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The ping-pong ball is launched from the base with a certain kinetic energy selected by the user (energy applied to the electromagnet) and executes the typical parabola trajectory, falling subsequently on the base. The height (vertical coordinate) is measured and recorded with an ultrasound sonar, strategically placed above the experiment, measuring the distance to the ball. With the resulting data it is possible to determine <i>g</i>. The ball is sometimes launched with a small horizontal component, but this does not affect measurements (why?).
</div>
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Since the height is measured by ultrasounds, the actual time between samples varies from the one provided by the user: the closer the ball is to the sensor (i.e., higher), the shorter the time between samples is. This can be negleted unless a precise fitting is required.
  
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
 
  
===Protocol=== <!-- Secção colapsável -->
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=Protocol=
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
 
 
The user must define the following parameters: launch energy, time between samples and number of samples.
 
The user must define the following parameters: launch energy, time between samples and number of samples.
  
The standard gravity, g, can be established in various ways. The simplest is to fit the mathematical law for the ball's motion, \( x = x_0 + v_0 t + \frac{1}{2}gt^2 \), to the experimental data by choosing three points from the space-time graph and solving the system of equations.
+
The standard gravity, <i>g</i>, can be established in several ways. The simplest one is to fit the mathematical law for the ball's motion, \( x = x_0 + v_0 t + \frac{1}{2}gt^2 \), to the experimental data by choosing three points from the space-time graph and solving the system of equations.
  
 
The following graph is a raw data example with \( 20 ms \)  between samples.
 
The following graph is a raw data example with \( 20 ms \)  between samples.
  
[fig.2]
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[[File:Gravidade-graf1.png|thumb| Raw data of a launch]]
  
This next graph, with the corrected time, the numerical fitting gives the final value \( 9,2 ms^{-2} \) for g.
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The next graph is a fitting over one trajectory, with the corrected time and numerical fitted curve, giving the final value of \( 9,2\pm 0.8 ms^{-2} \) for g.
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[[File:Gravidade-graf2.png|thumb|Fit using the law for the uniform motion applied to one bounce]]
  
[fig.3]</div>
 
</div>
 
  
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=Advanced Protocol I=
===Advanced Protocol=== <!-- Secção colapsável -->
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Since the ping-pong ball has a very low mass, the air resistance will be significant after the ball reaches a certain speed. This way, if we fit the \( x = v_0 t + \frac{1}{2} g t^2 \) to the data right as the motion starts (\(v_0 \simeq 0\)), we can obtain a numerical value for <i>g</i> that is closer to reality. It is interesting to study on how <i>g</i> changes with speed and observe its deviation from the expected value \( 9.8 m/s^{-2} \). It can be observed that for smaller trajectories (when the ball bounces), the numerical results are better, or, likewise, in regions where the speed is lower (when the ball reaches a maximum in height).
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
 
Since the ping-pong ball has very low mass, the air resistance will be significant after the ball reaches a certain speed. This way, if we fit the \( x = v_0 t + \frac{1}{2} g t^2 \) to the data right as the motion starts (\(v_0 \simeq 0\)), we can obtain a numerical value for g that is closer to reality. It is interesting to study on how \( g \) changes with speed and observe it's deviation from the expected value \( 9.8 m/s^{-2} \). It can be observed that for smaller trajectories (when the ball bounces), the numerical results are better, or, likewise, in regions where the speed is lower (when the ball reaches a maximum in height).
 
  
By considering air friction, the fitting of a more adequate function will result in the value found for \( g \) being more precise and will allow the determination of the air friction constant alpha (\( \alpha \)). If we consider friction to be dependant of \( v^2 \) and applying a force opposite to the movement, we can consider the differential equation:
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Considering air friction, the fitting of a more adequate function will result in a more precise value for \( g \) and will allow the determination of the air friction constant alpha (\( \alpha \)). The force of friction is dependant of \( v^2 \) and is always opposite to the movement. Balancing this force and the force of gravity we can consider the differential equation:
  
\[
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<math>
 
mg - \alpha v^2 = ma  
 
mg - \alpha v^2 = ma  
\] .</div>
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</math> .
</div>
 
  
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===Data Analysis===
 
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Under construction.</div>
 
</div>
 
  
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=Advanced Protocol II=
===Theoretical Principles=== <!-- Secção colapsável -->
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The restitution coefficient can be inferred from consecutive leaps. It can be used to determine the energy loss in every ball collision and to study its behavior.
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Under construction.</div>
 
</div>
 
  
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===Historical Elements=== <!-- Secção colapsável -->
 
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Under construction.</div>
 
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===Bibliography===
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=Links=
Under construction.
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*[[Queda de Graves (determinação de g) | Portuguese Version (Versão em Português)]]

Latest revision as of 14:11, 28 May 2015

Description of the Experiment

This experiment allows you to determine the standard gravity acceleration, g .


Links

  • Video: rtsp://elabmc.ist.utl.pt:554/g.sdp
  • Laboratory: Basic in e-lab.ist.eu
  • Control room: g
  • Grade: ***


<swf height="270" width="480">http://www.elab.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/anexos/descricoes-flash/Gravidade.swf</swf>


Experimental Apparatus

This apparatus consists in a projectile launcher (with an electromagnet) that vertically ejects a ping-pong ball from the base.

Esperimental setup
A picture of the setup, taken from above. We can see the yellow ball in mid-air.

The ping-pong ball is launched from the base with a certain kinetic energy selected by the user (energy applied to the electromagnet) and executes the typical parabola trajectory, falling subsequently on the base. The height (vertical coordinate) is measured and recorded with an ultrasound sonar, strategically placed above the experiment, measuring the distance to the ball. With the resulting data it is possible to determine g. The ball is sometimes launched with a small horizontal component, but this does not affect measurements (why?).

Since the height is measured by ultrasounds, the actual time between samples varies from the one provided by the user: the closer the ball is to the sensor (i.e., higher), the shorter the time between samples is. This can be negleted unless a precise fitting is required.


Protocol

The user must define the following parameters: launch energy, time between samples and number of samples.

The standard gravity, g, can be established in several ways. The simplest one is to fit the mathematical law for the ball's motion, \( x = x_0 + v_0 t + \frac{1}{2}gt^2 \), to the experimental data by choosing three points from the space-time graph and solving the system of equations.

The following graph is a raw data example with \( 20 ms \) between samples.

Raw data of a launch

The next graph is a fitting over one trajectory, with the corrected time and numerical fitted curve, giving the final value of \( 9,2\pm 0.8 ms^{-2} \) for g.

Fit using the law for the uniform motion applied to one bounce


Advanced Protocol I

Since the ping-pong ball has a very low mass, the air resistance will be significant after the ball reaches a certain speed. This way, if we fit the \( x = v_0 t + \frac{1}{2} g t^2 \) to the data right as the motion starts (\(v_0 \simeq 0\)), we can obtain a numerical value for g that is closer to reality. It is interesting to study on how g changes with speed and observe its deviation from the expected value \( 9.8 m/s^{-2} \). It can be observed that for smaller trajectories (when the ball bounces), the numerical results are better, or, likewise, in regions where the speed is lower (when the ball reaches a maximum in height).

Considering air friction, the fitting of a more adequate function will result in a more precise value for \( g \) and will allow the determination of the air friction constant alpha (\( \alpha \)). The force of friction is dependant of \( v^2 \) and is always opposite to the movement. Balancing this force and the force of gravity we can consider the differential equation:

[math] mg - \alpha v^2 = ma [/math] .


Advanced Protocol II

The restitution coefficient can be inferred from consecutive leaps. It can be used to determine the energy loss in every ball collision and to study its behavior.


Links